WikipediaAMD6. 4 and Intel 6. For the Intel 6. 4 bit architecture in Itanium chips, see IA 6. Opteron, the first CPU to introduce the x. The five volume set of the x. Architecture Programmers Guide, as published and distributed by AMD in 2. X8664 also known as x64, x8664, AMD64 and Intel 64 is the 64bit version of the x86 instruction set. It supports vastly larger amounts theoretically, 2 64 bytes. The Dressrosa Arc is the twentyseventh story arc in the series and the second and final arc in. Windows 10 is coming and Microsoft wants everyone to upgrade. The Windows 7 8 popup reminder ensures that even the last person will be aware of this option. Heres. AMD6. 4 and Intel 6. It supports vastly larger amounts theoretically, 2. Because the full x. Chimp Xbox Drive there. The original specification, created by AMD and released in 2. AMD, Intel and VIA. The AMD K8 processor was the first to implement the architecture this was the first significant addition to the x. Intel. Intel was forced to follow suit and introduced a modified Net. Burst family which was fully software compatible with AMDs design and specification. VIA Technologies introduced x. VIA Isaiah architecture, with the VIA Nano. The x. 86 6. 4 specification is distinct from the Intel Itanium architecture formerly IA 6. HistoryeditAMD6. IA 6. Intel and Hewlett Packard. Originally announced in 1. August 2. 00. 0,1. NOTE this blog post was originally written for the. NET Framework 2. 0 and 3. Windows Vista. Since then, Windows 7 has shipped, and it includes the. One 240pin DIMM socket with default 1GB of ECC DDR31333 single rank RegisteredUnbuffered SDRAM 1Rx8 or 1Rx16, upgradable to 4GB. AMD6. 4 architecture was positioned by AMD from the beginning as an evolutionary way to add 6. Intels approach of creating an entirely new 6. The latest PC gaming hardware news, plus expert, trustworthy and unbiased buying guides. Google is stepping up its effort to block phishing attempts that use app permissions to gain access to users Gmail accounts. These phishing attacks invite users to. Name Description InfoZIP 32 bit command line ZIPcompatible packer, recommended packer for use with Total Commander pkzip pkzip 2. DOS 16 bit. IA 6. The first AMD6. Opteron, was released in April 2. ImplementationseditAMDs processors implementing the AMD6. Opteron, Athlon 6. My cat, Artemis, is a bustling career woman. She has many jobs that she juggles between stealing my hair ties and spilling her kibble in addition to serving as the. Athlon 6. 4 X2, Athlon 6. FX, Athlon II followed by X2, X3, or X4 to indicate the number of cores, and XLT models, Turion 6. Turion 6. 4 X2, Sempron Palermo E6 stepping and all Manila models, Phenom followed by X3 or X4 to indicate the number of cores, Phenom II followed by X2, X3, X4 or X6 to indicate the number of cores, FX, FusionAPU and RyzenEpyc. Architectural featureseditThe primary defining characteristic of AMD6. The designers took the opportunity to make other improvements as well. Some of the most significant changes are described below. All general purpose registers GPRs are expanded from 3. Pushes and pops on the stack default to 8 byte strides, and pointers are 8 bytes wide. Additional registers. In addition to increasing the size of the general purpose registers, the number of named general purpose registers is increased from eight i. It is therefore possible to keep more local variables in registers rather than on the stack, and to let registers hold frequently accessed constants arguments for small and fast subroutines may also be passed in registers to a greater extent. AMD6. 4 still has fewer registers than many RISCinstruction sets e. PA RISC and MIPS have 3. GPRs Alpha, 6. 4 bit ARM, and SPARC have 3. VLIW like machines such as the IA 6. However, an AMD6. Additional XMM SSE registers. Similarly, the number of 1. XMM registers used for Streaming SIMD instructions is also increased from 8 to 1. Larger virtual address space. The AMD6. 4 architecture defines a 6. This allows up to 2. TB 2. 48bytes of virtual address space. The architecture definition allows this limit to be raised in future implementations to the full 6. EB 2. 64 bytes. This is compared to just 4 GB 2. This means that very large files can be operated on by mapping the entire file into the process address space which is often much faster than working with file readwrite calls, rather than having to map regions of the file into and out of the address space. Larger physical address space. The original implementation of the AMD6. TB 2. 40 bytes of RAM. Current implementations of the AMD6. AMD 1. 0h microarchitecture extend this to 4. TB of RAM. The architecture permits extending this to 5. PB of RAM. For comparison, 3. GB of RAM in Physical Address Extension PAE mode,1. GB of RAM without PAE mode. Larger physical address space in legacy mode. When operating in legacy mode the AMD6. Physical Address Extension PAE mode, as do most current x. AMD6. 4 extends PAE from 3. Any implementation therefore allows the same physical address limit as under long mode. Instruction pointer relative data access. Instructions can now reference data relative to the instruction pointer RIP register. This makes position independent code, as is often used in shared libraries and code loaded at run time, more efficient. SSE instructions. The original AMD6. Intels SSE and SSE2 as core instructions. These instruction sets provide a vector supplement to the scalar x. FPU, for the single precision and double precision data types. SSE2 also offers integer vector operations, for data types ranging from 8bit to 6. This makes the vector capabilities of the architecture on par with those of the most advanced x. These instructions can also be used in 3. The proliferation of 6. The 3. 2 bit edition of Windows 8, for example, requires the presence of SSE2 instructions. SSE3 instructions and later Streaming SIMD Extensions instruction sets are not standard features of the architecture. No Execute bit. The No Execute bit or NX bit bit 6. An attempt to execute code from a page tagged no execute will result in a memory access violation, similar to an attempt to write to a read only page. This should make it more difficult for malicious code to take control of the system via buffer overrun or unchecked buffer attacks. A similar feature has been available on x. Keycaps 600. Segmented addressing has long been considered an obsolete mode of operation, and all current PC operating systems in effect bypass it, setting all segments to a base address of zero and in their 3. GB. AMD was the first x. The feature is also available in legacy mode on AMD6. Intel x. 86 processors, when PAE is used. Removal of older features. A few system programming features of the x. AMD6. 4 in long 6. These include segmented addressing although the FS and GS segments are retained in vestigial form for use as extra base pointers to operating system structures,1. These features remain fully implemented in legacy mode, allowing these processors to run 3. Some instructions that proved to be rarely useful are not supported in 6. PUSHAPOPA, decimal arithmetic, BOUND and INTO instructions, and far jumps and calls with immediate operands. Virtual address space detailseditCanonical form addresseseditCanonical address space implementations diagrams not to scaleCurrent 4. Although virtual addresses are 6. EB to be used. This would be approximately four billion times the size of virtual address space on 3. Most operating systems and applications will not need such a large address space for the foreseeable future, so implementing such wide virtual addresses would simply increase the complexity and cost of address translation with no real benefit. AMD therefore decided that, in the first implementations of the architecture, only the least significant 4. In addition, the AMD specification requires that the most significant 1. If this requirement is not met, the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as canonical form. Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 0. FFFFFFFFFFF, and from FFFF8. FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF, for a total of 2. TB of usable virtual address space. This is still 6. 5,5. GB address space of 3. This feature eases later scalability to true 6. Many operating systems including, but not limited to, the Windows NT family take the higher addressed half of the address space named kernel space for themselves and leave the lower addressed half user space for application code, user mode stacks, heaps, and other data regions. The canonical address design ensures that every AMD6.